Analysis of Law that Covers Rape and Sexual Assault Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Any person who deceitfully takes an unmarried chaste woman less than eighteen years of age to a place that is not appropriate to her, or deceitfully involves her into an act that is not appropriate for her is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail for at least one year or a maximum fine of $2000 or both. Under section 647 of the law, any person who takes the other person against his/her will and forces him/her into unlawful sexual activities is punishable by imprisonment or fine or both. The amount collected from the fines is submitted to the underage Pregnancy Fund and is used solely for the purpose of preventing underage pregnancy. Violation of this law is further punishable with a fine, not more than $ 70.Under the sexual assault law consent is defined as an act of positive cooperation exercised with the free will of the person. Before consenting, a person must be aware of the situation so that he/ she can act according to his/ her free will. For the consent of a person, th e law does not accept evidence of any previous relationship either marital or otherwise. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Law that Covers Rape and Sexual Assault or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Sexual intercourse between spouses becomes unlawful if the victim is intoxicated or is in a position in which she is not able to fully express her disapproval for the act. At the same time, sexual intercourse becomes illegal if the victim agrees under the threat of any kind by the perpetrator be it physical harm or any other damage or danger such as kidnap, imprisonment or another body injury.

The Soul And Consciousness Of Revolutionary Politics

The Soul and Consciousness of Revolutionary Politics Steven Umbrello Table of Contents I Introduction 3 II The Soul and the Essence 3 III Justice and Revolutionary Consciousness 5 IV Degeneration and Global Revolution (ideology) 6 V Psychology of Political Duty and Freedom 7 VI Conclusion 7 VII Bibliography 8 I In this short paper I will be comparing and contrasting the political psychology of Plato’s Republic and Karl Marx’s political theory. Their concepts of group consciousness will be contrasted as well as how the nature and existence of ideology affect their theories. This will be concluded by a discussion on how the†¦show more content†¦Thus, for Plato, the concept of the harmonious soul is analogous to the harmonious state. When the three parts of the soul, the rational part, the desirous part and the passionate part, of individuals are harmonious then the soul is said to be just (Republic, 440c-441a). Likewise, the state is said to be just when its three analogous parts - the rulers, guardians and craftsmen - are in harmony with one another and do the duties for which they are best suited in doing (Republic, 434c). These embodiments of the virtues must be static for Plato. If the different classes were to change their roles then this would lead to degenerati on (ibid). Hence, in Plato’s political theory, the nature and structure of the soul are analogous to the nature and structure of society. On Essence What Plato calls the soul, Marx calls â€Å"the essence of man† (ToF, 157). This essence is essentially human nature. Both Plato and Marx understand that the human psychological element is the basis for understanding the political sphere. In his critique of Feuerbach’s thesis, Marx outlines what he thinks the human essence – or nature – is: â€Å"the ensemble (aggregate) of social relations† (ibid). He continues in his German Ideology by critically linking this concept of human social relations

Critical Study of LLM information technology and telecommunications law Free Essays

1.0 INTRODUCTION Recent advances in three areas — computer technology, telecommunications technology, and software and information technology — are changing lives in ways scarcely imagined less than two decades ago. These modern technologies are being combined, especially through the Internet, to link millions of people in every corner of the word, deals are struck, transactions completed, and decisions taken in a time-frame that would have seemed simply inconceivable a few years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Study of LLM information technology and telecommunications law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shopping has evolved with growth of technology which has made it possible for people to conclude on line rather in store and with this came the advent of electronic transactions (E-Contacts). Electronic commerce (EC or e-commerce) describes the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the Internet and a legal frame work that would regulate the buying and selling of goods at a distance has been created. The aim of the European Union legislation in the field of distance selling is to put consumers who purchase goods or services through distance communication means in a similar position to consumers who buy goods or services in shops thereby creating confidence and certainty in distance contracts. The Directive 1997/7/EC (Distance Selling Directive) was put in place to address the growing trend and provides a number of fundamental legal rights for consumers in order to ensure a high level of consumer protection throughout the EU. The E-commerce Directive 2000/31/EC was also adopted to provide a legal framework for the provision of Information Society Services within the European Union. In the words of the European Consumer Affairs Commissioner Meglena Kuneva. â€Å"Consumers and retailers are beginning to embrace e-commerce at national level but internal market barriers still persist online. The potential of the online internal market to deliver greater choice and lower price to consumers and new markets for retailers is considerable. We need to redouble our efforts to tackle the remaining borders.† This essay is going to look at protection available to consumers under existing rules, particularly those concerning distance contracts and/or the provision of information society services, remedies available to John under the existing Legal framework, the challenges of cross border e – commerce in the EU and evaluate the proposals in the new framework. 2.0 THE DISTANCE SELLING DIRECTIVE 97/7/EC The Distance Selling Directive applies to any consumer distance contract made under the law of an EU-Member State as well as the European Economic Area (EEA). The directive ensuring the protection of consumers within the EU in respect of distance contractusing â€Å"means of distance communication† has provided certain rights and obligations between a supplier and consumer. Directive 97/7/EC applicable law consumer distance contracts within EU Member State as well as European Economic Area (EEA). The directive aims at ensuring a high level of protection for consumers within the EU by providing certain rights and obligations between a supplier and consumer when transacting at a distance using â€Å"means of distance communication.† It provides the following the rights: According to the Directive the following consumer rights among others need to be respected: Article 4 of the Directive provides the provision of comprehensive information by the supplier before the purchase. Article 5 provides that the confirmation of the information by the supplier in (Art 4) t0 be in a durable medium( such as written confirmation) The Consumer’s right to cancel the contract within a minimum of 7 working days without giving any reason and without penalty, except the cost of returning the goods (right of withdrawal) is provided for by Article 6. Article 6(2) provides the consumer’s right to a refund within 30 days of cancellation, in the event that where the consumer cancels the contract. Article 7 provides that the delivery of the goods or performance of the service by the supplier shall be wi within 30 days of the day after the consumer placed his order or where the goods or service ordered is not available inform the consumer of any alternative at the same price or a refund as soon as possible or within 30 days. Article 8 Provides Protection from fraudulent use of payment cards by allowing a consumer to request cancellation of a payment where fraudulent use has been made of his payment card in connection with distance contracts covered by this Directive. Article 12 The strength of every distance contract rest upon the prior information requirement as provided by Article 4 and must be complied with. In accordance with the directive the following prior information shall be furnished by the supplier to the consumer in good time prior to the conclusion of any distance contractstating: â€Å"(a) the identity of the supplier and, in the case of contracts requiring payment in advance, his address; (b) the main characteristics of the goods or services; (c) the price of the goods or services including all taxes; (d) delivery costs, where appropriate; (e) the arrangements for payment, delivery or performance; (f) the existence of a right of withdrawal, except in the cases referred to in Article 6 (3); (g) the cost of using the means of distance communication, where it is calculated other than at the basic rate; (h) the period for which the offer or the price remains valid; (i) where appropriate, the minimum duration of the contract in the case of contracts for the supply of products or services to be performed permanently or recurrently.† As regards John case it can be said that requirement of Article 4( 1) (a) (e) and (f), as stated above and that of ‘address’ ‘performance ‘ and a ‘right of withdrawal’ was not complied with. And the provisions of Art 5(1) which provides that consumer must receive written confirmation or confirmation in another durable medium available and accessible to him of the information referred to in Article 4 (1) (a) to (f), in good time during the performance of the contract was not complied with. It can be categorically said that if the provisions of (Art 5(1)) was met as required John would not be having difficulty contacting the supplier seeking redress, because the ‘prior information’ in writing or a durable medium would have availed him of the ‘geographic address’ of the supplier , time for performance of the contract and his right of withdrawal. Also taking a look at Art 7( 1)(97/7/EC) which states that â€Å"unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the supplier must execute the order within a maximum of 30 days from the day following that on which the consumer forwarded his order to the supplier; and also Art 7(2)(97/7/EC) Where a supplier fails to perform his side of the contract on the grounds that the goods or services ordered are unavailable, the consumer must be informed of this situation and must be able to obtain a refund of any sums he has paid as soon as possible and in any case within 30 days; and lastly Art7(3)(97/7/EC)which further states that hat the supplier may provide the consumer with goods or services of equivalent quality and price provided that this possibility was provided for prior to the conclusion of the contract or in the contract. With regards to the goods that were not delivered It can be said that John was not of the above information stated in Art 7(2) of the directive or even an equivalent a s provided in 7 (3) In the event that the contract is part performed and the issues of non delivery of the some of the goods ordered arises, items that John purchased which falls under the directive would be required to be listed. Games Console A tricycle Music CD’s An iPod Box of Chocolates 3.0 THEE– COMMERCE DIRECTIVE 2000/31/EC The E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC sets out principles and duties to reach a high standard of consumer protection.[14] The directive ensures â€Å"the free movement of â€Å"information society services† across the European Community and to encourage greater use of e-commerce by breaking down barriers across Europe and boost consumer confidence and trust by clarifying the rights and obligations of businesses and consumers†[15] Remedies available to John under the provisions of this directive are going to be taken into considerations. Art 2(a) of the directive makes reference to the definition of â€Å"information society services†: within the meaning of Article 1(2) of Directive 98/34/EC as amended by Directive 98/48/EC; which provides defines an ‘ISS’ as ‘‘any service normally provided for remuneration, at a distance, by means of electronic equipment for the processing (including digital compression) and storageof data, and at the individual request of a recipient of a service;’’(Art. 1(2)98/48/EC) Considering the words ‘any service normally provided for remuneration, at a distance, by means of electronic equipment’ the e-book accurately falls under it as John’s computer being the ‘equipment’ that would receive the e – book and John been the recipient of the service. Art. 5 (1) of the E- Commerce directive provides general information requirements that an ISS provider must provide to recipients’ of the service easily, directly and permanently prior to the conclusion of the contract: An ISS â€Å"provider shall render easily, directly and permanently accessible to the recipients of the service and competent authorities, information: (a) the name of the service provider; (b) the geographic address at which the service provider is established; (c) the details of the service provider, including his electronic mail address, which allow him to be contacted rapidly and communicated with in a direct and effective manner;†(Art. 5(1)(a – c )2000/31/EC) Taking a look at the provisions of Article 5(1) (a)-(c) the question now is if the online supplier meets the requirements for provision of an ISS. In John’s case a geographic address was not provided pursuant to Art. 5 (1) (b) an e – mail address was provided pursuant to Art. 5(1) (c) of the directive. But considering the position of the court in the German case of Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen und Verbraucherverbande – Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband eVV. deutsche internet versicherung AG[18] (‘’DIV Case’’) It was held by the courts that providing only an e – mail address as a sole means of contact does not comply with the provision of Art. 5(1) (c) of the directive stating categorically that â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.in addition to its e – mail address other information which allows the service provider to be contacted rapidly†¦..†[19][Emphasis supplied] That is it would be fundamental for other means of contact to be provided by the supplier. With regards to the decision of the court in the above case and the provisions of Article 5 (1)(c) the e – mail address of the online supplier cannot be said to fully comply with the provisions of Art. 5 (1) (c), This is because in the words of paragraph 17 of the Judgement â€Å"Thus, it is clear from the wording of Article 5(1)(c), and in particular the word ‘including’, that the Community legislature intended to require the service provider to supply recipients of the service, in addition to its electronic mail address, with other information in order to achieve the result intended by that provision† That is the ISS provider is to provide details including its e – mail address to achieve the purpose of rapid communication in a direct and effective manner. Borrowing the decision in the above case,the provision of Art 5(1) (c) is not fully satisfied by the on line supplier as ‘details of the service provider ’ which allow him to be contacted rapidly and communicated with in a direct and effective manner† is not provided, as this is evident in the fact it is taking a few days to get a response to e-mails which John has sent demanding redress. The court in paragraph 20 of the Judgement further said that â€Å"Accordingly, the mention of the ‘electronic mail address’ in Article 5 (1)(c) of the Directive reflects the Community legislature’s wish to ensure that information giving access to an electronic communication is to be supplied by the service provider to the recipients of the service, but does not mean that it intended to dispense with other types of non-electronic communication which may be used in addition to it† Further information is also provided for by Article 10 of the directive that except where expressly agreed otherwise at least the following information is given by the service provider clearly, comprehensibly and unambiguously and prior to the order being placed by the recipient of the service: â€Å"(a) the different technical steps to follow to conclude the contract; (b) whether or not the concluded contract will be filed by the service provider and whether it will be accessible; (c) the technical means for identifying and correcting input errors prior to the placing of the order; (d) the languages offered for the conclusion of the contract.† Article 11 further provides that except when otherwise agreed by parties who are not consumers, that in cases where the recipient of the service places his order through technological means, the following principles apply:â€Å"the service provider has to acknowledge the receipt of the recipient’s order without undue delay and by electronic means; and the order and the acknowledgement of receipt are deemed to be received when the parties to whom they are addressed are able to access them†In this circumstance there is no indication that any statement was in fact provided regarding the different technical steps John would take to conclude the contract or access the service requested , as John would be better informed. Information on how to identify and resolve input errors nor was language requirements also provided. The statutory duty required by the directive to provide the requisite information for the conclusion of contract has not been fully complied with by the on line supplier. And also the acknowledgement of receipt as provided for by Article 11 was not sent to John. The next question to ask is that are there any remedies available to John under the directives (97/7/ec 2000/31/ec). In accordance with the provisions of Article 6 under the distance selling directive the right of withdrawal can be exercised by John and where the right of withdrawal has been exercised the supplier shall be obliged to reimburse the sums paid by the consumer free of charge as soon as possible or within 30 days he shall only bear the cost of return of the goods. Following the provisions of Art 6 John can exercise his right of withdrawal for the games console and tricycle. But by virtue of Art 6(3) which provides that â€Å"Unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the consumer may not exercise the right of withdrawal provided for in paragraph 1 in respect of contracts: – for the provision of services if performance has begun, with the consumer’s agreement, before the end of the seven working day period referred to in paragraph 1, – for the supply of goods or services the price of which is dependent on fluctuations in the financial market which cannot be controlled by the supplier, – for the supply of goods made to the consumer’s specifications or clearly personalized or which, by reason of their nature, cannot be returned or are liable to deteriorate or expire rapidly, – for the supply of audio or video recordings or computer software which were unsealed by the consumer, – for the supply of newspapers, periodicals and magazines, – for gaming and lottery services† John can only exercise his right of withdrawal for the music CD’s and games, if the goods have not been ‘unsealed.’ The iPod engraved with his child’s name also falls under the Art 6(3) because it is made to John’s specifications and personalized with engraving of his son’s name. The box of chocolate cannot be returned as it is liable to deteriorate or expire rapidly. Pursuant to Art 7(1) of the directive â€Å"unless the parties have agreed otherwise, the supplier must execute the order within a maximum of 30 days from the day following that on which the consumer forwarded his order to the supplier† and since the goods have not been fully delivered and no refund of any sums he has paid as soon as possible and in any case within 30 days as stated in Art 7(2) and that the â€Å"supplier may provide the consumer with goods or services of equivalent quality and price provided that this possibility was provided for prior to the conclusion of the contract or in the contract†¦ the cost of returning the goods following exercise of the right of withdrawal (by John)shall, in this case, be borne by the supplier†Art7(3) By the provisions of Art 6(4) John can withdraw from the contract within a period of 3 months depending on the EU member state he is domiciled in and any credit agreement cancelled without penalty as there is no prior information providing for 7 days ‘cooling off period’ Art.11 provides ‘John’ with judicial or administrative redress thus he can approach the courts in his country’s court or an administrative body responsible for consumer protection, to ensure that the national provisions for the implementation of this Directive are applied. By the provisions of Art. 12 consumer may not waive the rights conferred on him by the transposition of this Directive. An effective means to deal with consumers’ complaints in respect of distance selling shall also be established as provided for by Art 17 In this regard the supplier has breached the provisions of Articles 4, 5, 6 11 of the directive. An action for a breach of duty under the E- Commerce directive (2000/31/EC) to provide information prior to contract can also be brought by the customer by the provisions of Art 5 as the supplier did not state the different technical means in concluding the contract or an acknowledgement of receipt of the information in when accessed or, hence the supplier is in breach of Art 11As the required information were not provided by the ISS prior to the conclusion of the contract. The requirements are important as provided in Articles. 5,10 11 of the EC directive. On the issue of exercising the right of withdrawal we refer to Recital 11 of the directive which provides that the E – commerce directive is subject to the protection in 97/7/EC with regards right of withdrawal under Art 6 97/7EC. Also by Art 6(3) the e – book reader purchased by John, if he was able to access it, would be precluded by Art 6(3) because due to its nature it cannot be returned. Article 17 18 also provides for out of court settlement and court. Complaints can be lay by the consumer through a consumer advocacy bureau such as the European Consumer Centres Network (ECC-Net) The same protection is also provided for in Art. 12 (2) of the 97/7/EC which guarantee’ s the consumer in the Europe even when the country is a not member of the European Union but has a close connection with the territory of one or more EU member states. However, subject to Article 15(1) (c) of the Brussels I Regulation (44/2001) a consumer in Europe’s habitual domicile shall have Jurisdiction to entertain suit a filed against the trader who ‘directs his activities’ towards the consumers country or to several other countries including country and the contract falls within the scope of those activities, similarly the applicable law shall be that of the consumer’s habitual domicile if it can be found that the trader also ‘directs his activities’ towards that country or several other countries including that country as provided for in Art. 6 (1) (c) of the Rome I Regulation EC (593/2008). 4.0 CROSSING THE LINES: THE CHALLENGE OF CROSS BORDER E – COMMERCE IN THE EU A 2007 report by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development found consistent reasons â€Å"retailers don’t export everything from fear of fraud, concerns over logistics and payments, import laws and language barriers. Indeed, discussions about doing business globally and accepting international payments online sometimes conjure images of nightmarish complications — increased risk of fraudulent transactions, complex political or regulatory issues, and customs or taxation problems† The European Commission in March 2009 published a detailed report on cross-border e-commerce .The report revealed that the gap between domestic and cross-border e-commerce was widening. From 2006 to 2008, the share of EU consumers shopping online grew from 27% to 33% while cross border e-commerce remained more or less at the same level (6% to 7%). Potential for cross-border online trade is also failing to materialize . 51% of EU27 retailers sell via the internet, but only 21% are currently conducting cross-border transactions, down from 29% in 2006 (in the EU25). The same proportion (21%) advertises cross-border. And retailers who do trade cross-border usually only sell to very few Member States: only 4% of those retailers trade with 10 or more Member States, most trade with one or two other Member States. The issue of redress is the major constraint of cross border e – Commerce in the EU because in most cases goods requested are not delivered by the e – merchants. According to the ECC – Net ‘73 % of the complaints that was received in 2008 was for non delivery’ of the goods or services ordered, while 15 % of the complaints was for delayed delivery and 7% was for partial delivery which is similar to the case of ‘John’ and e- toys4U.hk. This is due largely divergent consumer protection regimes in different Member states and non compliance of e – merchants with the directives. For retailers in Europe, the fragmentation of consumer protection rules and other rules on VAT, recycling fees and levies are the main regulatory barriers to cross-border e-commerce. The national implementation of these rules differs markedly from one Member State to another, giving rise to a business environment that is complex, costly and unpredictable. The adoption of proposals to tackle these obstacles is therefore central to changing the behaviour of retailers and, as a result, the opportunities for consumers. When trying to shop online consumers are faced with a number of problems in another country. Foreign online traders have severally refused to accept orders from consumers living in another country. As uncertainty about what to do or who to turn to should they experience a problem are experienced by consumers, especially if it comes to resolving a complaint with a foreign trader. The fragmentation in the existing legislative framework is believed by the European commission not adequately protect consumers and creates internal market problems: â€Å"The European Commission have cited the legal fragmentation of business-toconsumer rules as a barrier to the Internal Market and consumer confidence in crossborder shopping. Member States have different rules on distance and off-premises selling and these variations create unnecessary costs and disincentives for business when trading cross-border. In order to achieve a single set of European contract rules on consumer remedies, EU action is necessary to harmonise the legislative and regulatory framework across the 27 Member State† To build consumer confidence and to promote cross-border consumer purchases within the EU, a new consumer rights directive has recently been proposed by the European Commission. If implemented, the Directive will replace four existing consumer directives, namely the Doorstep Selling Directive (85/577/EEC), the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive (93/13/EEC), the Distance Selling Directive (97/7/EC) and the Consumer Sales and Guarantees Directive (1999/44/EC). The effect would be one of full harmonisation across each of the 27 member states. 5.0 ISSUES PROPOSED IN THE NEW CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTIVES A higher level of consumer protection is ensured, establishing a real retail internal market, making it easier and less costly for traders to sell cross border and providing consumers with a larger choice and competitive prices. The proposed Directive, specifically Articles 4 and 5, would establish minimum requirements for consumer protection.It would put in place EU wide rules covering: PRE-CONTRACTUAL INFORMATION : A contract prior to conclusion , the Directive would require before concluding a contract the Directive would require key information such as, the main characteristics of the product, geographical address and identity of the trader, the price inclusive of taxes, all additional freight, delivery or postal charges etc to be provided by the trader to the consumer. As this would enable the consumer to make an informed choice. RULES ON DELIVERY AND PASSING ON RISK TO THE CONSUMER (CURRENTLY NOT REGULATED AT EU LEVEL): the consumer would be protected against the risk of loss or damage to transported goods, the consumer would be protected, until he actually receives them. A maximum of 30 calendar days is allowed for the trader to deliver the goods to the consumer from signing the contract. In the event of late or non delivery of a good, a right to a refund as soon as possible and no later than 7 days from the date of delivery can be exercised by the consumer. COOLING OFF PERIODS (DISTANCE AND PRESSURE SALES): An EU wide cooling off period of 14 calendar days is introduced by the proposed directive, for items bought on line or during a visit from a trader to the consumer’s home, allowing time for the consumer to be able to change their mind, cancel the order, return the goods and get their money back. REPAIRS, REPLACEMENT, AND GUARANTEES: A particular standard set of remedies would be made available to consumers by the proposed directive in respect of a faulty product (i.e. repair or replacement in the first place, followed by the reduction of the price or the reimbursement of money). In the event that a good is defective, the consumer would have the right to have it replaced or repaired within two years from the purchase or their money back. UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS: The proposed Directive would introduce a new list of unfair contract terms called the black list to be prohibited across the EU. The proposed Directive would also strengthen consumer protection in other areas, including: †¢ Online auctions – Auctions (including e-auctions) would be required by the directive to meet standard information obligations(new) – price, geographical address of trader, delivery costs etc – but exempting auctions from the right of withdrawal, due to the nature of the auction bidding process. †¢ Pressure Selling – A broader new definition of direct selling contracts and other steps to close loopholes would be imposed by the proposed Directive. Due to the high number a high number of consumer complaints, the protection against pressure selling will be tightened up on several fronts. First, the definition of what is covered by consumer protection rules is made much wider. The definition of â€Å"off-premises contract† is broadened to avoid, as is the case at present, a large number of off- premises contracts falling outside the scope of the Doorstep Selling Directive. Pressure selling in the street, or at home parties, will now be covered. Most importantly, there would be an extension of consumer protection to cover solicited visits which consumers will benefit from, which had been causing a high number of complaints. Facilitation of online supermarket sales with home delivery, and solicited craftsmen services, by clearly exempting them from the right of withdrawal. Is intended by the new rules CONCLUSION Consumer protection directives, definition of terms, legal regimes, differ in each countries, so does the protections vary.Big business responded by setting up shop in other member states while small and medium businesses remained within their National boundaries because of the high cost of complying with different national laws. With full harmonization in place, there is certainty for a consumer is in the UK that his rights are the same if he buys a product on – line at a distance from Germany or another member state. There is also greater certainty for the consumer and the trader across border. There would be a reduction in compliance cost as regards businesses they will now be able to trade across the 27 EU member states using the same terms and conditions. Internal market will be able to gain the necessary impetus to actually be the single market envisaged by the Union as the gap between cross border transactions will be closed. Uniformity, Predictability and Certainty towards the Single Market can be said of full harmonization. BIBLIOGRAPHY ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND THE ROLE OF THE WTO http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/special_study_e.pdf E-Business and E-Commerce http://pdfcast.org/pdf/e-business-and-e-commerce Gap between domestic and cross-border e-commerce grows wider, says EU report http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/980 Europa-Consumer Affairs-Distance selling http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cons_int/safe_shop/dist_sell/index_en.htm Distance contracts http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l32014_en.htm[1] Article 2 (4) (97/7/EC) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997L0007:EN:NOT Art 4 (1) (a – h ) (97/7/EC) http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997L0007:EN:NOT Does harmonisation go far enoughThe E-Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC: implementation and sanctions http://inderscience.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parentbackto=issue,10,17;journal,10,10;linkingpublicationresults,1:120796,1 The Electronic Commerce Directive (00/31/ec) The electronic Commerce (ECDIRECTIVE)Regulations 2002 (si 2002 No. 2013) http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dti.gov.uk/industries/ecommunications/electronic_commerce_directive_0031ec.html Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (‘Directive on electronic commerce’) Official Journal L 178 , 17/07/2000 P. 0001 – 0016 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0031:EN:HTML ECJ C – 298/07 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62007J0298:EN:NOT Pia Messner v. Firma Stefan Kruger, C?489/07: the trader requested or a compensation for the use of the goods German consumer protection Law , the court held that such a compensation will amount to a charge which is not the intention of the Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/legal_service/arrets/07c489_en.pdf The ECC – Net is a consumer complaints and advocacy body responsible for ensuring consumer protection in the EU http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/ Business without borders: A look at the New, Flat, cross-border payment opportunities http://www.tsys.com/thoughtLeadership/ngenuityInAction/current_issue/Spring09BusinessWithOutBordersPayPal.cfm Consumers: online shopping increasingly popular in the EU, but development â€Å"held back† by barriers to cross border trade http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/09/354format=HTMLaged=0language=EN ECC – Net’s 2008 Annual Report http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/docs/ecc_annual_report_2008_en.pdf Proposed Consumer Rights Directive http://www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snha-05097.pdf Commission of the European Communities, Green Paper on The Review of the Consumer Acquis, 08.02.2007, COM (2006) 744 final, http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/cons_acquis_en.htm Proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/cons_acquis_en.htm Proposal for a Directive on Consumer Rights http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/cons_acquis_en.htm Proposed Consumer Rights Directive http://www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snha-05097.pdf Dismantling barriers to cross-border online shopping. Frequently Asked Questions http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/09/475format=HTMLaged=0language=EN How to cite Critical Study of LLM information technology and telecommunications law, Essay examples

Democracy vs. Dictatorship free essay sample

Democracy vs. Dictatorship. From the beginnings of the times, from ancient civilizations dated as back as 2000 B. C. E. , the world had been based upon political systems and philosophies of governments. A country’s philosophy of government determines the economic system and the amount of rights that people have within that country’s borders.As people can see, in the article written by Severine Deneulin â€Å"Democracy and human development†, she explains the complexities of the relationship between democracy and human development, there she made it clear that the practice of democracy is good whether or not the government chose has a positive impact in the society of that country. Another article about countries’ governmental philosophies was written by Gene Sharp, and it is called â€Å"From dictatorship to democracy†.Throughout the entire article, Sharp said that it was wrong to compare democracy to communism because communism is an economic system and democracy is a political system, and that’s why he compared democracy and dictatorship. We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy vs. Dictatorship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Within the lines of that article, Sharp mentioned that dictators are the result of having a disunited society in those countries, and that people should protest against the dictators to get their rights back as well.Therefore, everyone’s way of living Is affected by their country’s philosophy of government in a direct way. To begin with, a country’s philosophy of government determines the country’s economic system. Economy is a matter of leadership, it is a matter of knowing when to take decisions, and these decisions are supposed to be taken by the country’s president or senate. Therefore, politics impact economy in a direct way.In democracy, people rule the country, and therefore they rule the economic system, which makes that economic system stronger because as Deneulin said â€Å"The ultimate aim of participation is increased accountability, transparency and efficiency of these governance structures in promoting development and reducing poverty†, which means that participation leads to a reduce in poverty rates and a strengthening in that economic system. But on the other hand we have dictatorships, where the president takes economic decisions by himself. The result of taking the decisions of a country by just one person is predictable: the population becomes weak, lacks self-confidence, and is incapable of resistance†(Sharp), which means that dictatorships lead to a w eak economic system among their society because dictators hold too much power and most of them don’t know how to use it in a positive way. Additionally, while in democratic countries people not only rule their government but they are set free and have a lot of rights as well, in dictatorships governments set almost no right for the people and they dominate every single person who is living within that country’s borders. Democracy involves the right to vote and the holding of free and fair elections, respect for legal entitlements, respect for the right of public discussions, and the right to organize political movements of protest† (Deneulin). These mentioned rights can lead people within a society to feel better about themselves because they know that the government is not dominating people but the other way around, which gives them a sense of being important and accountable.In the other side of the street, in dictatorships â€Å"people are often too frightened to share they hatred of the dictatorship and their hunger for freedom even with families and friends† (Sharp). Therefore, in dictatorships the country becomes weaker because people feel pressured by the government, which make those people not to perform well on their jobs, which leads to no improvements on the country. To terminate, every single human can easily see that a country’s philosophy of government affects it. People must analyze political philosophies and ideologies before picking a presidential candidate to favor.Politics determine economic systems and rights people have in that country. Therefore, politics are everywhere. Economy and rights are not only related to each other but they are related and important to people too. For example, economy and rights are related in how in democracies people have the right to buy whatever they want, whenever they wanted and the quantity they want; which is called capitalism. And in the other hand, in dictatorships the lacks of rights can be seen in economy, specifically in how people can only buy what the government says, whenever the government says, and the amount the government says; which is called communism.Furthermore, in long term, it is preferable to have democracy than dictatorship because there is no developmental justification or evidence that shows dictatorships being successful, but there successful democracies as the United States. To summarize, both democracy and dictatorship are different philosophies of government that have a big impact on every single human cell alive in a specific country, in other word people can’t escape it.

Macbeth Darkness Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth Darkness In Shakespeare's play, Macbeth, darkness and night play a major role. Many deaths and other major events occur during this time. Macbeth is overwhelmed by power and feels he is unstoppable. There is something about the absence of light that makes people act different. Macbeth fell into this category and sees he is not the same man he usually is during the day. Macbeth is at his best and his worse during this time period. Dependent on darkness, guiltfull disorder and surrounding effects. The life of Macbeth and his wife revolved around darkness. Macbeth depends heavily on darkness. Most of his actions occur during the night. Macbeth uses this time to cover his evil actions and intentions. He and Lady Macbeth plot and plan their evil deeds at night so heaven can not see their doings. The darkness it self also assists their planning. "Come thick night/ And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, / That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, / Nor heaven peep through the blanket of dark." (1.5 48-51) The only way Lady Macbeth sees she can complete her deeds is with the help of hell and darkness. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth fell that if there were no darkness their plans would never arise. Guilt is a felling of remorse when you have done something wrong and can not get it off your mind. It will haunt you until something is done about it, guilt may be the worst felling that can be felt by a person. Disorder is felt when you do not understand your surroundings, the most common items will seem confusing. There are many examples of guilt and disorder in Shakespeare's play, Macbeth. Macbeth and his wife are unable to sleep at night because of their felling of guilt. Macbeth says 'I have murdered sleep' meaning he has killed the king during his sleep and he will sleep no longer. We find out Lady Macbeth kills her self because her overwhelmed felling of guilt. This tragic death also occurs because of her disordered behavior of sleep walking. Macbeth feels there should be a destruction of all moral laws that prevent him from doing evil. His guilt builds inside him which possesses him to continue his wrong doings. "Come seeling night/ Scaf up the tender eye of pitiful day, / And with thy bloody and invisible hand/ Cancel and tear the great bond/ Which keeps me pale" (3.2 46- 52) Macbeth begins to believe he can hide his murders from daylight. Macbeth is in so much disorder that he is unable to recognize Banquo's ghost. He is unable to realize that his illusions really are a reflection of guilt. Macbeth plays a major role on the effect of his surroundings. "Each new morn/ New windows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrows/ Strike heaven on the face, that it resounds/ As if it felt with Scotland" (4.3 4-7) Macduff's comment reflects the overall felling of sorrow and remorse in Scotland. Macbeth has such a great impact that if the chaos is not caused personally others would follow his example. It is unknown to Macbeth how great of an impact he has on his people. During the night Macbeth wreaks havoc and when morning arose Scotland mourns a loss of a king. Macbeth's actions are unnatural and brutal like a wild animal. "Tis unnatural/ On Tuesday last/ A falcon towering in her pride of place/ Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed." (2.4 11-14) Macbeth, unable to sleep plans his evil intentions. Macbeth relies and depends on darkness. As the play progresses Macbeth began to see night as a friend or guide. Most of his actions are planned during this time, sometimes with the help of Lady Macbeth. The guilt he bares is so much that he and Lady Macbeth are unable to sleep. He causes a major upset in Scotland but also many people fallow in his footsteps. His intent to be king snowballed into a massacre, which led to his killing. Shakespeare creates a dark play about murder and evil. He shows what a man consumed by darkness can do to an entire kingdom and himself.

How Censored is the Media

How Censored is the Media Free Online Research Papers Media democracy is a production and distribution model which promoted a mass media system that informs and empowers all members of society, and enhances democratic values. Robert W. McChesneys, John Nichols and those who created Censored 2007 are part of a social movement evident in states all over the country which attempts to make mainstream media more accountable to the public’s they serve and to create more democratic alternatives. Its proponents advocate monitoring and reforming the mass media, strengthening public service broadcasting, and developing and participating in alternative media and citizen journalism. Adam D. Thierer, a conservative man who believes the media is fine the way it is, opposes Nichols and McChhesney’s work with hard strong facts why nothing needs to be changed in the media. The current structure of our media provides the audience with what they want to see and hear so technically it’s not a bad thing although few adjustments could b e made to help improve our economy. One of the main themes of Nichols and McChesneys work is that deregulated media is a complete misnomer. The media is, instead, a governmentally sanctioned oligopoly, owned by a few highly profitable corporate entities with excessive hypercommertialism. These concerns jealously guard their privilege through legislative influence and through use of their control of news coverage, by which means they distort public understanding of media issues. Other problems that are addressed to the media conglomerates is that they practice â€Å"stenography†, one sided news coverage only taking information said or given to them where as journalists should be provided with the resources to cover all sides of a story as well as being able to voice his or hers opinion freely (without any conflict of interest). â€Å"The current caliber of journalism is decidedly unsatisfactory for a democratic society. Democratic should provide a ruthless accountant of the power-that-be and the-powers-that-wan t-to-be, both in government and policies and in the extremely powerful corporate sector.† Pg. 62 Our Media Not Theirs. This is a progressive quote stating that there’s no balance within our government and media that’s able to provide people in a democratic society a fair share of good quality journalism. Unfortunately theirs currently a conflict of interest with in the media, â€Å"conflict between church and state.† As stated in Our Media Not Theirs. This refers to the ability of journalists and creative workers to conduct their affairs without having output determined by what serves the immediate interests of advertisers, or owners for that matter. The media should provide fair and honest new that’s in interest to the vast majority in an economy. â€Å"News is a source of information and/ or entertainment involving current events and possibly affecting our communities and the world.† Generated from 8am section of English 101B. Nichols and McChesney’s work clearly shows how progressive they are and that they stand on the far left side on the democratic table. A man that opposes them and a right wing man (for keeping the media the way it is) a strong republican, Adam D. Thierer. â€Å"We have nothing of sort here in America; and so long as the marketplace remains open and free of government controls on entry and action, a â€Å"media monopoly† is impossible in this country.† Pg. 18 Adam D. Thierer, Media Myths. Thierer points out it doesn’t matter how large a media outlet is today, it’s really just one of hundreds of sources of news, information, and entertainment that we have to choose from. People have control over what they want to comprehend from the things they read, watch, hear and so forth. If the consumer chooses to watch a more titillating show, then the media will provide them with that. If the consumer chooses to watch or read more hard core news that involves with global warming, health environment issues and stuff on that matter then that’s what will be provided to them. The media only wants to give people what they want, not to decide what’s best for them and take away their ability and freedom of wan ts and needs. â€Å"The media industry is a business and that is not a bad thing. Unless we expect our media outlets to be entirely noncommercial and publically financed, we have to accept the fact that media companies must worry about their financial health and adopt business strategies that will keep them operational.† Pg. 83 Adam D Thierer, Media Myths. Thierer stands strong with his position towards the media and the only thing he believes the government should do is back off the media and don’t interfere at all. There are almost always two sides of a story; one which there’s no understanding for the other party’s reasoning thus is why â€Å"a middle man,† a third party’s opinion is needed. McChesney and Thierer both have strong compelling arguments why the media should change or just stay the way it is with less regulations, but at the same time there both extremists in their field. As a third party perspective I believe the media should change slightly but not to the point where McChesney and Nichols want. People have the power to control their own lives and the amount of resources given to society enables them to seek and get as much as they desire. That’s where I stand with Thierer, but the media shouldn’t be out to make maximum profit without making an effort to enrich the society with news that will keep people safe and aware of all things, and this is where McChesney captured me. It’s obvious the media is a business just like Starbucks, Borders and so forth, and as an owner of a business you want to keep it running as healthy and smoothly as possible, so if we were to put ourselves in the shoes of the owners of the media, more than likely yo u would want your business to stay as profitable as possible. Now you may say no, I’m a person with good morals and believe in inequality. Well now’s the time to ask yourself this, If someone upright and gave you ten million dollars that you didn’t have to work for, would you go and split it equally with everyone in your community to help them out stating that’s the fair thing to do? I can’t speak for anyone else but yea right, I believe most people would keep that money and maybe few would donate to charity but that’s about it. So being an owner of a major corporation working hard to get where you are today, why would you want to give any of that up and what would be your motive/ incentive to do so. Although there few problems in the media such as journalists practice stenography, the media’s for profit which causes a conflict between church and state we have to remember if we truly want change then not just a small portion of people can tune into stations like PBS and NPR, it will take a large number of audience to convince the media that this is what we want. Do to the stenography in the media today we don’t hear much of stories like the Kyoto Protocol Agreement. For those of you that are unsure what this is, it’s an agreement among all countries to lower their emissions level by x amount each year to help against global warming. The only two countries that have not ratified this treaty are the United Stated and Australia. President Bush and his economists felt that it was necessary to pull the United States out of the agreement do to the fact that we had more restrictions than other countries like China and India. The only reason why we had greater restr ictions than other countries is because we’re one of the leading committers of green house gases. Now stenography took its toll playing the role favoring Exxon Mobil, a major oil conglomerate. If they were to say anything outside Exxon’s favoring that may lead to a conflict of interest. This is where the media crosses the line between church and state. They choose to leave important details out, keeping a one sided story that suits their sponsors rather than their audience. The only opposition to this is that they need their sponsors to provide them with the money to cover those stories. There’s a chance that we might not even heard about it if it wasn’t for those who sponger the media, giving it the affordable income needed to provide such things. Solutions to a problem such as this might be generating more non-profit media’s like NPR and PBS. Something like this could help the media but at the same time what are some repo cautions in making this reformation? Higher taxes, cut funding from other government funded programs all for a possible way of informing the public with better media coverage. Someone might argue that the funding for a better cause and people in society can be more aware and at the same time there’s no conflict of interest within the media. The one thing I hold against a statement such as this is that no one has the right to say what’s better for an individual and despite the conflict of interest the media still provides the vast majority of people want. In conclusion, the media structure we have today is fine although there should be a few changes. The news corporations shouldn’t be out there to maximize their profit capability, they should look into the better interest of their audience but as I stated before it’s all on morality. There’s only very few out there in the world who look in the interest of others. As the old saying goes â€Å"every man has a price† and it’s sadly true. For those who seek better sources of media find it while the rest of those who do not are on a verge swiveling away down an endless stream of media terrorism. Research Papers on How Censored is the MediaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductTwilight of the UAWBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and Canada

Theoretical design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theoretical design - Essay Example This system provides the facility to search and select the CD by different ways. Like I shall discuss two main approaches for the CD selection in this report: if the customer enter a CD title , for each CD matching that title he will obtain the CDs cover, availability and price. It is possible to obtain the detailed information such as names, duration, details of the performing artists and to listen to CD Product or Service: here we are going to build an online CD store. This system will be able to deliver a better facility for the people who do not have time to visit any store for purchasing the CDs of there choice. Technology: we are going to implement a system that will utilize the ASP.Net development environment where we would be able to deliver more enhanced and secure system for the online shopping and transaction. There are also a number of online shops of similar business so it’s possible by means of this technology. Online Market Environment and Competition: we are going to target new generation for this online store, so I think we have very much scope and market space to bring our system online. There are lots of other online CD shops, but we are aimed to deliver better services and having a competitive adage. In this use case I want to demonstrate the overall environment where a user wants to purchase a CD of his choice, for this purpose user will enter a CD title or some other information that would be helpful for the search of the CD. So as a result the system will inform the availability of the CD or informs that required CD is not there. Below I have presented the Context Diagram of the online CD shop. I have tried to manage all possible links among the system and its users. I have taken two types of the user that are customer and administrator. In the diagram above I have tried to discuss the main feature of this system that is its order processing facility. Here customer can find many CDs, and

The effects of managed care on health care in the U.S Essay

The effects of managed care on health care in the U.S - Essay Example The sector has been witnessing a new dimension in recent years, because it’s in no small measure assisted to halt the increase as regarding the costs of health care in the country, given a wider room for the less privileged to enjoy the program, which has been hitherto on the rapid increase beyond their capacities. Meanwhile, our focus should now assess the whole issue, dated back to early 90s when the Managed-Care system began to have it solid root. The United States Congress has brought a turning point toward enhancing the health care system within U S. â€Å"The nation’s health care system stem was under microscope, undergoing a level of scrutiny not seen since the early 1990s, when congress scrapped the Clinton administration’s complex plan to overhaul health care. Since then, employers have acted on their own to control health costs, largely by requiring employees to join managed-care programs, such as health maintenance organizations (HMOs). More than 100 millions Americans are now covered by Managed-Care†. (Public Agenda). The HMOs is one of the key pillars of which the Managed-Care program stands on, while observers concluded that it is almost the best among other related pillars. Another branch of Managed-Care that also need brief explanation is â€Å"Capitation†, a system that involves a sort of payment method. This involves paying physicians a specific amount for treatment of patients, not considering how much will be the subsequent cost to be incur. â€Å"Some â€Å"Managed Care† practices seek to impact the quality care of, for instance, clinical guidelines that aim to alter the clinical management of specific health concerns (e.g., treatment of hypertension) are also common managed-care practice†. (Ethics in Medicine). One of the important effects that we ought to bring into consideration while discussing on the Managed-Care on health care in the United States is that most of the citizens were in the view that

Product Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Product Strategy - Essay Example The services offered by ABC cloud service limited include, but are not limited to: JustCloud, Egnyte, HybridCloud, MyPC Backup, Open Drive, Carbonite, Sugarsync, ADrive, ElephantDrive, Xdrive, Openomy, Storegate, Strongspace, Mofile, Flipdrive, GlobalDrive, eSnips, Box, Allmydata, iBackup,iStorage, Mozy, Omnidrive, Online File Storage, Mediamax, Online Storage, Dropbox, SOS Online Backup, Acronis True Image Online, SkyDrive, MediaFire, Google Drive, Microsoft Office 365, Zoho, Rapidshare and SendSpace. The table below provides a product and valuation policy of the company. Each product faces competition in the market, and as such, the valuation and pricing strategy may be different for the different products. Products such as the iBackup face stiff competition in the market. I, therefore, employ the skimming pricing strategy. The main aim is to capture the prestige market by charging substantially higher prices as compared to other competitors’ prices. ABC Company charges $1.5 per Gigabyte (GB) for the iBackup. Mozy has a basic home plan which starts at 50GB. 50GB provides a reasonable amount of space for storing more than six million text documents, one thousand videos and seven thousand five hundred photos. The company avails to home users, two plans to choose from. The product gives a maximum storage capacity of 125GB which is limited to only three computers. The firm, therefore, employs a Price Lining strategy. The users are charged according to the user requirements. For example, a home user who needs 100GB pays a higher amount than the pe rson purchasing a 25GB plan. A 50GB Mozy plan sells for $70 per year while 125GB plans for one computer goes for $120 per year. Mozy suffers direct competition from Carbonite (The Best, Most Affordable Alternatives to Mozy for Unlimited Backups, n.d.). I offer free services for the Box item for personal users with a

What Are The Benefits Of Eco Briquettes Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Benefits Of Eco Briquettes Environmental Sciences Essay Unsustainable of earths resources and environmental problems are major current problems that occurred by over consumption and inefficient way of using. Climate change, resource depletion, loss of biodiversity, and air pollution has a major impact on many citizens and the earth which require people change their current behavior. Climate change and global warming are part of serious issues these days and are also part of the most important global environmental challenges, with implications for food production, water supply, health, energy and so on. Addressing climate change requires a good scientific understanding as well as coordinated action at national and global level from. PTT 328 PTT is the largest energy company in Thailand which the groups principal activity is the operation of petroleum business. The Group also engages in the exploration and production of petroleum, operation of natural gas, international trading of crude oil, condensate, petroleum and petrochemical products and investment in domestic refining and petrochemical industries. Its vision and mission are to be the preeminent Thai energy corporation, operating fully integrated oil and gas business, and total energy services. PTT has a clear goal over Quality, Safety, Health and Environment (QSHE). Regarded as the core component of sustainable development, QSHE has been analyzed and assessed with the needs of the stakeholders in mind. In conducting energy businesses, it is inevitable for operators to face risks concerning Quality, Safety, Health, and Environment (QSHE). Concerning this, PTT has constantly paid full attention to the control, prevention, and minimization of these risks faced by sta keholders; customers, suppliers, contractors, shareholders, communities, staff, and the environment as a whole. The company has applied productivity tools and QSHE management systems in all its units to improve its efficiency and the quality of life of staff and communities, and to steadily promote image in the companys social and environmental responsibilities. These measures have successfully instilled greater confidence in investors and favored PTTs international business undertaking. However, sustainable building of business also covers the product which its property and production process is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a buildings life-cycle. All of these elements have to concern of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Biomass briquette is an ideal biomass fuel which can enhance the PTTs environmental performance more effective and visual because this the product including raw material, production process and new technologies are develope d to create greener activities to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity Recycling waste, reducing pollution and environmental degradation. Biomass briquettes Biomass briquettes are an affordable alternative fuel to coal and other solid combustible fuels which are produced by converting low bulk density biomass into high density solid fuels (Werther et al. 2000). Biomass briquetting plants are consisted of various types of machines to support different raw materials (KriÃ…Â ¾an et al. 2009). Biomass briquettes are non-conventional source of energy, renewable in nature, eco friendly, non-polluting and economical (Wilaipon 2007). In addition, it has been claimed thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the process of converting biomass to solid fuel is also non-polluting; therefore the process and product are 100 % natural. Briquette is an ideal Bio-fuel because of the following reasons: Eco friendly renewable energy fuel. Economical and cheaper than other solid fuels. Thermal calorific value approximately 4000 Kcal/Kg. Pollution free non-hazardous. Lower ash content 4% 8%. There is no fly ash when burnt. Consistent high burning efficiency. Easy for transportation, feeding, and combustion. Combustion is more uniform. Biomass briquettes are an alternative green energy to coal, and are usually used to fire industrial boilers that produce steam including business which requires burn. Production process 400 Every year Thailand has millions of tons of agricultural wastes are generated. These agricultural wastes are treated a waste with no economic value and either none used or burnt inefficiently in their loose form causing air pollution. However, this waste can be turned into a completely environment-friendly source of energy through briquetting (Biomass briquettes Replacing coal and LPG.article). Groundnut shell Bamboo dust Paddy straw Sunflower stalk Tea waste Tobacco waste Bagasse (Sugarcane waste) Saw dust Coffee husk Wheat straw Mustard Jute waste Forestry wastes Cotton stalk Palm husk Wood chips Rice husk Reeds Soybeans husk Other agro wastes Table1. Sorts of raw material (based on Werther et al. 2000) Biomass briquettes are manufactured by the process of recycling agricultural wastes and forestry wastes. The machinery used is compatible with multiple agricultural wastes. The agro waste is first pulverized, sieved and then dried to required moisture content. This is then fed into the hopper of fuel briquette machine, which uses high compression between die and punch resulting into cylindrical briquettes. Cylindrical briquettes are thus formed due to carbonization, achieved by heating of surface. Figure1. The Biomass briquettes production process (based on Callejà ³n Ferre and Là ³pez Martà ­nez 2009) Process of Briquetting: Firstly, crushing machine prepares suitable size raw material for biomass briquetting plant by shredding the raw material after it is fed into the machine. After that a tiled metal screen will vibrate shredded remains until it separates from soil. Then, the remains plant materials were passed into a tank of continuous washing consists of a pivot drum made of screen. After washing the plant material, water is contaminated and low quality, it is brought to purify by water-purification system which is contained in the lowest of the tank. This system allows reused water for briquetting process. Secondly, drying machine prepare suitable moisture raw material for biomass briquette press. For briquetting press, it is only to control the moisture of raw material at a reasonable range that can make good result of biomass briquettes. Or the briquettes will be broken because of too loose or too dry. Thirdly, briquetting press machine makes the biomass material into briquettes. After the well pr eparation of raw metarial, briquetting is easy at right operation of biomass briquette press. When machine rise to over 300 centigrade, the material can be feeding continuously into briquetting press. First, the color of briquettes may be a little dark even black, but after a while, the color will be light to normal level coming out of biomass briquette machine. Finally, packing is the last process of briquetting process which the packing machine will load final biomass briquettes and then wrap with a thermal shrink wrap by thermal shrink wrapping machine Finished Product Briquettes Briquettes are ready substitute of lignite, coal and wood in industrial boiler and brick kiln for thermal application including households daily life. Biomass briquettes are non-conventional source of energy, eco-friendly, renewable in nature, non polluting and economical. Its made through binder less technique without use of any type of chemical so it is 100% natural. Compared to fire wood or loose biomass, briquettes give much higher boiler efficiency because of low moisture and higher density. Marketing 200 Explain how it could be marketed (academic resources) According to (Suksumek 2007) pollution problem by using lignite at Mae Moh Power plant in Thailand in 1992 and causing bad effect to villagers, power plant employees and crop of local communities, it creates negative image of using lignite and coal which Thai government solves the problem by import coal from oversea. Therefore, it is a good opportunity to market biomass briquette product in Thailand. The manufacturing, located in Thailand, provides a geographical advantage to Tesco because it is populatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Moreover, demand consumption of coal is high while low competition in clean fuel product as biomass briquette. Unit: Ktoe Table1. Forecast on Primary Energy Demand (based on Suksumek 2007) The multiple usage of the end product enables us to exploit the opportunities in both commercial and industrial markets. Our plant will cater to the SA and UK industrial and domestic commercial market such as steel manufacturing plants or electrical plants.There are plenty of potential markets for fuel briquettes in the cities and in the rural areas. The potential customers for the briquettes: Refractory Industries Gasifies System App Lamination Industries Spinning Mill Leather Industries Ceramic Industries Textile units Vegetable Plants Solvent Extraction Plant Rubber Industries Food Processing Industries Dyeing Units Milk Plant Any Industrial Thermal App Brick Making Units Chemical Industries Marketing Approaches Sponsorship: The plan recommends motivating customers perception and also improves customer relationships in term of green company and green product by integrating green initiatives into every aspect of the organization which links the association of the company and briquette product with an individual, event or organization to display in social responsibility. Using eco-labels and eco-logos on products or marketing materials: The plan aims to emphasize in term of green product by putting eco-label and eco-logos on briquettes packaging to increase customers awareness. Engaging customers in green marketing: The marketing plan will motivate consumers by encouraging them to participate and engage in the campaign or directly with the product through green clubcard. E-marketing: In term of viral marketing, the plan will target online resources like Tescos website chatroom, article media, emails online events and will sell the product through Tescos own website. Personal Selling: Due to briquette is low-value product and it is required to use in many industries; therefore face-to-face contact provides better opportunity to sell briquette for large quantity to industries. Distribution 45% of the product is exported to the UK retaining 55% of it for the Thailand market. Distribution in Thailand will be done directly to clients upon placing an order or known as Just-In-Time because the briquette products lead time is short. Moreover, it is available in every branches of Tesco store in Thailand while it is available in Tesco extra in UK. However, there is some amount of product storaged in warehouse to support an emergency. http://refrigeratedtrans.com/2010-emissions/testa_produce_building_green_distribution_center_0412/ Packing: Due to property of product and distance of transportation, the biomass briquette product would require strong and waterproof packaging. For this reasons, Thermal Shrink wrapping which is inexpensive and environmentally friendly is used as packaging of product. This elastic plastic wrap can also used to protect product when it is not in use. Moreover, it can be used for big and small items; therefore it provides an advantage to product and company for future development. In this process, briquettes are fed into the packing machine, heat is used to condense the sheets of packing material to mold, or shrink to the form of the content it will protect. Delivery Briquettes have high specific density; therefore it can withstand the stocks of long distance transport, loading and unloading. Furthermore, transportation costs are much less and storage requirement is drastically reduced. For delivery both in case of shipment and transportation, this plan concerns about climate change and environment friendly, and purposes to improve carbon footprint. The product will be delivered with sharing lorry by working in partnership with other companies and suppliers in domestic and international.   For our own transportation, we will use more and more double-decker trailers, which carry 55 percent more products per journey (single deck: 45, double deck: 75 cages per trip). In addition, battery-powered vans are making deliveries for our online store, Tesco.com which will save around 180 tonnes of CO2 each year. From these effective deliveries, Tesco can reduce CO2 emission, save cost and gain higher profit. Conclusion 150

The Process of Mitosis Essay -- essays research papers

The Process of Mitosis Mitosis is the term used to describe cell division for replication. The product at the end of mitosis is two daughter cells both genetically identical to the original (parent) cell. This process (mitosis) is used for growth and repair within an organism (and also for asexual reproduction). There are five main stages to mitosis, called Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. Although the process has been divided up into these stages the process of mitosis is actually continuous. Interphase --------------------------------------- In this, the first stage the cell will look just like any other 'normal' cell although this is far from the case because very much is actually happening. All cell organelles are being produced in quantity and the chromosomes - DNA molecules are being copied exactly. The two identical copies of DNA are called a "pair of chromatids" and they are linked together by an item called a "chromomere". During this stage a store of ATP is also built up. [Best put a labelled diagram of a cell during Interphase here.] Prophase --------------------------------------- In this second stage changes to the cell become visible. The chromosomes condense, coiling up to about 5% of their original length, now clearly visible when a stain is added. The centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell and small microtubules around the centrioles become visible (called "Asters"). The nuclear membranes...

Pronature and Pro Nurture

I think the flaw lies behind assuming that any one particular behavior is solely responsible or due to genetics. Genetics do play huge role in affecting one directly such as their responses to an issue or situation that may occur. Aggressiveness, patience, empathy or sympathy. I believe that everyone carries these genes to some degree or another and yes, that many of these behaviors can be genetically responsible. I believe that genetics such as how one's health or wellbeing such as developing breast cancer because it is a hereditary disease that is in your genetic code.As far as behaviors you cannot distinguish In my opinion are you an alcoholic because one of your uncles or relatives were or was t because you like to consume alcohol or because you picked up a bad habit from exposure all your life. I feel that many times when dealing with behaviors of others or even within yourself that they are related to how you were raised. Were you raised with values and morals? Did you live In a household where your parents expressed love, compassion, trust, and respect for others?Or were you exposed to drugs, alcohol, aggressive behaviors, exposure to toxic environments, abuse verbal, mental, physical and or sexual? If the answer Is no that your upbringing was a loving environment then It's possible that the behaviors stem from the exposure of peers. Considering everyone Is raised differently and we all carry separate genes It Is important to separate what may be genetics from what Is learned behaviors.Both genetics and learned behaviors can affect our overall behaviors In which cannot be confirmed one way or the other and cannot be controlled unless It Is taught or learned from experience, circumstances or consequences to one's Individual behaviors and how they felt about them. Either way recognizing the complexity of or-nature and pro-nurture they both are an Important role In human development. Pro-nature and pro-nurture Is what defines our personalities which create the difference within each and every one of us.Premature and Pro Nurture By puppeteers behaviors can be genetically responsible. I believe that genetics such as how one's disease that is in your genetic code. As far as behaviors you cannot distinguish in raised with values and morals? Did you live in a household where your parents mental, physical and or sexual? If the answer is no that your upbringing was a loving environment then it's possible that the behaviors stem from the exposure of peers.Considering everyone is raised differently and we all carry separate genes it is important to separate what may be genetics from what is learned behaviors. Both genetics and learned behaviors can affect our overall behaviors in which cannot be confirmed one way or the other and cannot be controlled unless it is taught or learned from experience, circumstances or consequences to one's individual pro-nature and pro-nurture they both are an important role in human development. Pro-nature and pr o-nurture is what defines our personalities which create the

Analysing Two Newspaper Articles Fronting The Same Subject Essays

Analysing Two Newspaper Articles Fronting The Same Subject Essays Analysing Two Newspaper Articles Fronting The Same Subject Paper Analysing Two Newspaper Articles Fronting The Same Subject Paper I am analysing two newspaper articles, one from The Daily Mirror and the other The Guardian. Both articles are revealing the next James Bond actor: Daniel Craig. The papers are written for different types of people. The Mirror is aimed at working class people and The Guardian is aimed at professional, people. Both papers use different types of language for the readers to understand. The Mirror uses simple language. For example, Id like to thank the royal marines bringing me in like that and scaring the shit out of me, this shows the actors personality. The Guardian has mixture of complex and compound sentences, this will be tougher and grittier, and the relationship bond has with the girl, Vesper Lynd, is a lot more serious than weve seen in the past. The headlines articles give different point of view about the film and actor. While the sub heading gives additional information about the actor. The Daily Mirror uses a simple sentence, His name Craig, Daniel Craig, this is a pun on Bond language and Bond fans would easily identify this device. The Guardian writes the first blond bond bursts into action in the shape of Daniel Craig, this metaphorical sentence suggests that the film is full is full of action, the use word bursts emphasise this point. Both articles use Bond specific language the names Bind, James Bond to draw the readers attention to this particular article. However, The Guardian uses more formal language telling the reader in as much detail as possible what the article is about and what it is based on. Both articles use direct speech from people associated with the film or in the film industry. The Mirror uses more entertaining language and facts, for example, I dropped what is was carrying, and went straight to the alcohol section, got a bottle of vodka and a bottle vermouth, I went right home and had a martini or two. This sentence shows the actors personality and helps to make the article more interesting. The Guardian gives more information and avoids the actors personal life. Unlike The Mirror, The Guardian gives more information about the film itself, this will be tougher than the last films. The tone of The Guardians article on the next bond film gives more information to the reader; this is reflecting the target audience, which in this article, is aimed at middle class professionals. The Daily Mirrors article also entertains the reader as it gives detail about Daniel Craigs love life; it has a lighter tone to it which helps to retain the readers attention, again responding to the target audience; it contains Bond specific language and talks more the actors personal life. This article also tells us about the way the actor was brought to the ceremony where as The Guardian doesnt give any personal information. The Guardian discusses more about the actor himself.

The Hitch-Hiker and Samphire Essays

The Hitch-Hiker and Samphire Essays The Hitch-Hiker and Samphire Paper The Hitch-Hiker and Samphire Paper The two short stories of Samphire and The Hitch-Hiker can be considered as two very different stories, however some similarities can still be found between them. The story of Samphire, written by Patrick OBrian, is a story about a woman named Mollie who, as made obvious in the story, simply despises her husband named Lacey, a strange little man who doenst show much real care for his wife. Appearing to be a conventional married couple on holiday by the sea, as the story progresses, the emptiness of their relationship becomes visible, and Mollies unhappiness leads to her desperate attempt to kill her husband, which doesnt go through as planned. Roald Dahls The Hitch-Hiker is a comedic and suprising story about a man who picks up an unusual hitch-hiker. The strange hitch-hiker eventually gets the driver into trouble with the authorities, but as unexpected events take place, the drivers view of the strange hitch-hiker changes. A good way to compare stories is to first look at the main characters, or the protagonists and antagonists. For the first story of Samphire, it is obvious that Mollies husband Lacey is the antagonist of the story, atleast that is how the author describes him to us; the author makes it quite clear to the reader that everything Lacey does annoys Mollie, that he is weak and does not really care for Mollie. It is noticeable that Mollie does not say one word to her husband throughout the whole story, more evidence that her husband is simply to self-involved to even notice her silence. It is evident that Lacey is even slightly abusive in their relationship: Lacey was her lord and master, wasnt he? Love, honour, and obey? He put his arm round her when they came to a sheltered turn of the path and began to fondle her, whispering in his secret night-voice, Tss-ts-tss, but he dropped her at once when some coast-gaurds appeared. Mollie attempts to murder her husband, almost appearing as the heroin of the story at this point due to the readers hate for her husband, essentially making her the protagonist of the story. For the story of The Hitch-Hiker, identifying the protagonist and antagonist becomes a little more complicated. In the beginning of the story, we percieve the driver, essentially Roald Dahl as the story is in the 1st person, as the protagonist and the hitch-hiker that he picks up, named Michael Fish, as the antagonist. Roald Dahl describes the hitch hiker similarly to a rat so that it makes the reader assume that the hitch hiker is probably a murderer or some other sort of criminal; once the reader assumes that, it will make them predict that something bad or interesting will happen involving the narrator and hitch-hiker. However as the story progresses, we see that the hitch-hiker may have been wrongly labelled, helping the driver out of a speeding ticket and changing the antagonist to the police officer that pulls them over for speeding. In these ways, the two stories are quite different in terms of protagonists and antagonists. Both stories are based closely on the conflicts and relationships within them. A distinct conflict can be found within the story of Samphire between the married couple of Mollie and Lacey. Throughout the story, the author makes it clear to the reader that everything her husband does annoys Mollie to the point that she simply stops caring: At the next tobacconist, by the pier, he made the same joke to the man there. She stood near the door, not looking at anything. Though she hesitates at first, Mollie tries to push Lacey off of the cliff and nearly succeeds in killing him, elevating their conflict. Though at first the conflict seems to be between the hitch-hiker and the driver, the main conflict within The Hitch-Hiker comes down to the strife between the driver and the police officer. We are introduced to the hitch-hiker as a sinnacle, suspiscious looking man who appears to be nothing but trouble, and though the hitch-hiker tempts the driver to speed, he then saves the driver from the police officer by stealing the officers black book. Though the driver never fully trusts the hitch-hiker, by the end of the story they form a relationship as the driver is thankful of the strange hitch-hiker. Each story has its own themes that make the two stories unique from eachother. One similarity between the two stories themes is that the stories both finish at the same place they started. For instace, in Samphire, the story starts with the woman Mollie being miserable with her husband. The climax of the story is when she attempts to kill her husband, however she does not succeed, and the story ends where it started, ending with the line: and there were her feet marching on the path; one, the other; one, the other, down, down, down as if to show that this was not the first time she had done this. With The Hitch-Hiker, the story begins with a man driving; he then picks up a hitch-hiker and they get pulled over for speeding. By the end of the story however, the hitch-hiker has stolen the police officers black book, therefore essentially going back to the start. The other similarity between the stories is that there is an element of misjudgement within them. For example, in Samphire, the husband Lacey misjudges his wife into thinking that she actually cares about him and his samphire plant: In the morning she said she would like to see the samphre again. He was very pleased and told the hotel-keeper that she was becoming quite the little botanist, his misjudgement of course leading to the attempted murder. As for The Hitch-Hiker, it is the driver that misjudges the hitch-hiker; although the driver labels the hitch-hiker as a rather suspicious person, he rescues the driver from a speeding ticket, and the drivers way of judging people by speech and appearance is changed. The literary presentation is another thing to look at when comparing two stories. In terms of the level of detail that is used in the stories, each story uses about the same amount, each being fairly descriptive in their own way. OBrian does a good job of painting a picture of the enviroment and misery in Samphire, where as Dahl uses descriptive imagery to show us exactly what the hitch-hiker would look and act like. One difference between the two stories is the atmoshphere of the stories; the atmosphere of Samphire is almost one of misery and emptiness, whereas the feeling that you get when reading The Hitch-Hiker is one of interest and intrigue, mostly wanting to see what the characters say to eachother and finding out who the mysterious hitch-hiker is. The major difference between the two stories in terms of literary presentation however is the conversation and interaction between characters within the stories. The only conversation within Samphire is done by the husband, whereas Mollie never talks, leaving the story to progress through actions rather than dialogue. On the other side, The Hitch-Hiker is based solely on the witty dialogue between the driver and his passenger that keeps the story progressing and interesting. Overall, the two stories have their similarities and their differences; while certain similarities can be found between the two stories themes and conflicts, they each become unique when it comes down to the characters and overall literary presentation.

Comparative Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative Politics - Essay Example The dictatorship or authoritarian governments can be considered as an example of elitist theory. In majority of the cases elite class of the society exercise their powers because of certain skills which are quite unique in that particular area. This is the reason on the basis of which most of the people living in elitist society could not challenge the status quo. Most of the people assume government as an elite group. However this is not the case always. Corporate sector can also act as an elite group of the society. They are on a bargaining position because of their revenue generating capability which will ultimately benefit the country. Real life scenarios of recent past suggest that corporations even play role in developing governments across the globe. Therefore it can be concluded that elite group has a powerful role to play in the growth and development. The pressure groups are almost inexistent in the elitist society. They do not have the resources to influence their point of view on elitist. Elitist theory also states that whenever attempts are made to over through elitist, the reaction of could be very harmful for the effective functioning of the society. Therefore decent homework will be required to alter such system (Machiavelli, NiccoloIâ‚ ¬, W. K. Marriott, Nelle Fuller, and Thomas Hobbes, 1955). Pluralist theory suggests that economic development of the nation is the responsibility of government. However certain pressure groups can influence the decision making process of government. In pluralist society public have the power to actively criticize the decisions of government and develop a pressure group for the improvement of their living conditions. There are classes of competing groups who try to grab maximum power by dissecting the opportunities for other pressure groups. Political scientists are of the opinion that pluralist society cannot become stable in the long run since it does not have unity of command. Unstable governments are the n orm of those societies. As far as the case of Unites States of America is concerned it can be concluded that pluralistic democratic system is prevailing in the country. Government administration of USA has to face to pressure as well as opposition members on the congress before making any decision associated with the government. Occupy Wall Street movement can be considered as an example of pressure group. There is no limitation on the general public to protest against governmental decisions (Johnson, Janet Buttolph, and Richard Joslyn, 1986). Question 2 Plurality system is the single voting system. According to this system the candidate with highest votes is elected as a member of legislative assembly. This system is based on the constituent politics. There are some political scientists who consider it as a best representative of democratic system. However opponents argue that it is not necessary that general public could elect the member who can solve their problems in the true se nse. Therefore the system cannot be considered as fool proof. The condition of absolute majority does not prevail in this system. Simple majority is enough to decide the candidature. Proportional representation system is quite different from plurality system. It is based on seats to voter relationship. For example if party A has received 30% seats in the assembly then that party should also get 30% votes in the electoral process. Political scien

XTRA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

XTRA - Case Study Example The company owners are anticipating the launch of e-business as a probable solution to regain their lost business and sales. The e-business is a manifestation of the turnaround strategy that is planned by the business owners. The new platform will lend a global existence and wider consumer base reach for increasing sales. The e-business will support XTRA to restore the company’s business and the market share. The launch of e-business is expected to generate more business for XTRA by offering a reengineering strategy. Also the data collected by the information systems can be used to serve the customers personally. The staff members at are apprehensive of the new technology and fear the change in roles and responsibilities that will be accompanied with the new approach. Also, since the staff has not been using the computer systems extensively at work, they are not very well acquainted with the information systems and how to use it for the business processes. So the decision is a strategic one and the various critical factors and their impact must be evaluated. The basic problem that can be identified for the current situation at XTRA is its limited consumer base and narrow exposure. Also, company serves product line that caters to a narrow consumer segment with fans of Hollywood actors who are interested to buy a memoir of the favorite movie or actor. XTRA has been operating through a centralized outlet at the city centre. The declining sales can be contributed to the limited market exposure and constrained reach in the world of global and transnational businesses. The past success describes that local demand for the related goods has been well satisfied and saturated. The unique range of products needs to reach a newer customer base which cannot be provided by local market. E-business will help XTRA to reach global customers and to